The Sialic Acid market research report presents valuable information about the industry, including its Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) expressed in USD million, projected up to the year 2030. If you have any concerns about where by and how to use manufacturer of sialic acid powder for pharmaceutical Ingredients, you can speak to us at our web-page. Furthermore, this report delves into market segmentation driven by key factors and outlines associated business strategies. The Global Sialic Acid Market Report provides Insightful information to the clients enhancing their basic leadership capacity identified with the global Sialic Acid Market business, including market dynamics, segmentation, competition, and regional growth. Report likewise directed a PESTEL analysis in the business to concentrate on key influencers and boundaries to entry. The data from these assays were complemented by a glycan array analysis which determined that AAV1 efficiently binds to NeuAcα2-3GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc as well as glycoproteins containing NeuAcα2-3/α2-6Galβ1-4GlcNAc N-linked glycans. Taken together, competition, genetic, inhibitor, enzymatic reconstitution, and glycan array experiments support α2,3 and α2,6 sialic acids that are present on N-linked glycoproteins as primary receptors for efficient AAV1 and AAV6 viral infection.

To confirm correct sequences in plasmids constructed, the plasmids can be analyzed by standard techniques such as by restriction endonuclease digestion, and/or sequencing according to known methods. Yeast Integrating plasmids (e.g. For those who have any kind of issues about in which in addition to the best way to utilize Supplier of sialic acid powder as Raw Material for Supplements，Supplier of sialic acid powder as Raw Material for food，Supplier of sialic acid powder as Raw Material for drinks，Supplier of sialic acid powder as Raw Material for beverages，Supplier of sialic acid powder as Raw Material for cosmetics，Supplier of sialic acid powder as Raw Material for pharmaceuticals，manufacturer of sialic acid powder as Raw Material for Supplements，manufacturer of sialic acid powder as Raw Material for food，manufacturer of sialic acid powder as Raw Material for drinks，manufacturer of sialic acid powder as Raw Material for beverages，manufacturer of sialic acid powder as Raw Material for cosmetics，manufacturer of sialic acid powder as Raw Material for pharmaceuticals，Supplier of sialic acid powder for Supplement Ingredients，Supplier of sialic acid powder for food Ingredients，Supplier of sialic acid powder for drink Ingredients，Supplier of sialic acid powder for beverage Ingredients，Supplier of sialic acid powder for cosmetic Ingredients，Supplier of sialic acid powder for pharmaceutical Ingredients，manufacturer of sialic acid powder for Supplement Ingredients，manufacturer of sialic acid powder for food Ingredients，manufacturer of sialic acid powder for drink Ingredients，manufacturer of sialic acid powder for beverage Ingredients，manufacturer of sialic acid powder for cosmetic Ingredients，manufacturer of sialic acid powder for pharmaceutical Ingredients; just click the next web site,, you are able to e mail us with our web site. , YIp5) and Yeast Replicating plasmids (the YRp series plasmids) and pGPD-2. Media can be rich media, e.g., Luria broth or terrific broth, or synthetic or semi-synthetic medium, e.g., M9 medium. A "culture medium" refers to any liquid, semi-solid or solid media that can be used to support the growth of a microorganism used in the methods of the invention. When more than one heterologous protein is expressed in a microorganism, the genes encoding the proteins can be expressed on a single expression cassette or on multiple expression cassettes that are compatible and can be maintained in the same cell. "silent substitutions" or "silent variations," which are one species of "conservatively modified variations." Every polynucleotide sequence described herein which encodes a polypeptide also describes every possible silent variation, except where otherwise noted.

The reaction was followed by acquiring 1D NMR experiments at 15-min intervals over 24 h. Gene functions were inferred from BLAST searches followed by gene linkage and cluster analysis. Deletion of yjhC resulted in loss of growth on 2,7-anhydro-Neu5Ac but not on Neu5Ac (Fig. 5C), which could be complemented in trans with yjhC (Fig. 5D), suggesting that the gene encodes an equivalent protein to RgNanOx. To test this hypothesis, the YjhC protein was recombinantly expressed and purified, and its activity against 2,7-anhydro-Neu5Ac and Neu5Ac was analyzed by ESI-MS. A, ESI-MS analysis of the enzymatic reaction between RgNanOx mutants and 2,7-anhydro-Neu5Ac (290; left) or Neu5Ac (308; left). A, ESI-MS analysis of the enzymatic reaction of RgNanOx, EcNanOx, and HhNanOx with 2,7-anhydro-Neu5Ac (left) or Neu5Ac (right). Having demonstrated that NanOx-like genes are functional in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, functioning with different classes of transporters, we extended our analysis to likely 2,7-anhydro-Neu5Ac catabolic genes across bacterial species. If you loved this post and you wish to receive details regarding manufacturer of sialic acid powder for beverage Ingredients i implore you to visit the web page. The genes encoding 2,7-anhydro-Neu5Ac transporters, 2,7-anhydro-Neu5Ac oxidoreductases, and IT-sialidases are distinguished by color for emphasis.

The Sialic Acid market research report presents valuable information about the industry, including its Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) expressed in USD million, projected up to the year 2030. Furthermore, this report delves into market segmentation driven by key factors and outlines associated business strategies. The Global Sialic Acid Market Report provides Insightful information to the clients enhancing their basic leadership capacity identified with the global Sialic Acid Market business, including market dynamics, segmentation, competition, and regional growth. Report likewise directed a PESTEL analysis in the business to concentrate on key influencers and boundaries to entry. The data from these assays were complemented by a glycan array analysis which determined that AAV1 efficiently binds to NeuAcα2-3GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc as well as glycoproteins containing NeuAcα2-3/α2-6Galβ1-4GlcNAc N-linked glycans. Taken together, competition, genetic, inhibitor, enzymatic reconstitution, and glycan array experiments support α2,3 and α2,6 sialic acids that are present on N-linked glycoproteins as primary receptors for efficient AAV1 and AAV6 viral infection.

HepG2 (A) and Pro-5 (B) cells were transduced with a constant amount of AAV1-luc or AAV6-luc vectors in the presence of a 200-fold-excess amount of competing AAV1, AAV6, or AAV2 encapsidated λ phage DNA-containing vector at 37°C for 1 h. However, more and more studies suggest that AAV2-based vectors are rate limiting in certain tissues (5, 32). The availability of other AAV serotypes with tissue preference for transduction, such as AAV1 and AAV6 for muscle (2, 5) and AAV8 for liver (12, 14, 25), has overcome this restriction. However, although we clearly saw disruption of the monolayer in our visual microscopy experiment utilizing neuraminidase from Clostridium perfringens, we also noted that there were areas of intact monolayer that maintained strong cell-cell border staining of α(2,3)-linked sialic acids. D: after 5-h treatment with neuraminidase from Clostridium perfringens or Vibrio cholerae, both PAECs and PMVECs exhibited disruption of the monolayer as evidenced by gap formation. C: PAECs (PA) and PMVECs (MV) were treated with 1 U/ml of neuraminidase from Clostridium perfringens. Similar to what we saw with the PAECs, in neuraminidase-treated PMVECs, staining for α(2,3)-linked sialic acids was still positive, revealing that PMVECs also express a population of neuraminidase-resistant α(2,3)-linked sialic acids (Fig. 6B). Because we observed positive binding of the lectin from Arachis hypogaea following neuraminidase treatment, and because the α(2,3) linkage is the predominant one on PMVECs, it strongly suggests that indeed some α(2,3)-linked sialic acids were cleaved.

The first step of AAV infection often requires the attachment of the capsid to carbohydrate moieties on the cell surface. Of the 11 well-characterized AAV serotypes, heparan sulfate proteoglycan and sialic acid have been suggested to be the attachment receptors for AAV type 2 and types 4 and 5, respectively. In this report, we identify the receptor for the two closely related serotypes, AAV1 and AAV6. First, we demonstrate using coinfection experiments and luciferase reporter analysis that AAV1 and AAV6 compete for similar receptors. Mucin competition was carried out by pretreating rAAV with bovine submandibular gland mucin (Sigma) for 30 min at 20°C. AAV vectors, in the presence or absence of mucin, were added to Cos-7 cells in equal volumes of DMEM for 1 h at 37°C. Cells were rinsed twice with DMEM and incubated at 37°C. Two thousand particles/cell were pretreated with mucin (concentrations up to 0.5 mg/ml), and cells were assayed for luciferase expression 24 h posttransduction. After incubation for 1 h at 37°C, cells were transduced at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 2 × 103 for 1 h with virus, and luciferase expression was analyzed 24 h after transduction. Unlike heparin sulfate, enzymatic or genetic removal of sialic acid markedly reduced AAV1 and AAV6 binding and transduction.

To confirm correct sequences in plasmids constructed, the plasmids can be analyzed by standard techniques such as by restriction endonuclease digestion, and/or sequencing according to known methods. Yeast Integrating plasmids (e.g., YIp5) and Yeast Replicating plasmids (the YRp series plasmids) and pGPD-2. Media can be rich media, e.g., Luria broth or terrific broth, or synthetic or semi-synthetic medium, e.g., M9 medium. If you have any kind of concerns concerning where and exactly how to use Supplier of sialic acid powder as Raw Material for Supplements, you can contact us at our own web-page. A "culture medium" refers to any liquid, semi-solid or solid media that can be used to support the growth of a microorganism used in the methods of the invention. When more than one heterologous protein is expressed in a microorganism, the genes encoding the proteins can be expressed on a single expression cassette or on multiple expression cassettes that are compatible and can be maintained in the same cell. "silent substitutions" or "silent variations," which are one species of "conservatively modified variations." Every polynucleotide sequence described herein which encodes a polypeptide also describes every possible silent variation, except where otherwise noted.

This was followed by the addition of neuraminidase solution or buffer control to each well and continued resistance measurement 4 (or more) h. AAV6 relies more on sialic acid or sialic acid-containing glycoproteins than AAV1 for cell entry and/or subsequent steps of infection. Neuraminidases are enzymes that cleave via hydrolysis α(2-3)-, α(2-6)-, and α(2-8)-linked terminal sialic acid residues bound to Gal, GlcNac, GalNAc, AcNeu, or GlyNeu residues of oligosaccharides, glycolipids, and glycoproteins (17). Neuraminidases from different sources exhibit different specificities for sialic acid linkages hydrolyzed (4, 24). The lectin from Arachis hypogaea binds to the sequence Gal(β1,3)GalNAc, also known as T-antigen (19, 24). Here's more information about manufacturer of sialic acid powder for cosmetic Ingredients review our site. When the T-antigen sequence is sialylated, lectin from Arachis hypogaea does not bind to the disaccharide (10). However, as in the case of red blood cells, following treatment with neuraminidase, the T-antigen is exposed on the cell surface allowing the lectin to bind (19). Indeed, this approach has already been used to demonstrate loss of sialic acids from pulmonary endothelial cell surfaces (26). For these experiments, PAECs and PMVECs were treated with neuraminidase from Clostridium perfringens, which cleaves α(2-3)-, α(2-6)-, and α(2-8)-terminal sialic acid residues (3, 4, 17). The Arachis hypogaea lectin did not bind to control cells but exhibited strong binding to neuraminidase-treated cells as evidenced by positive fluorescence in treated cells (Fig. 2B), revealing the underlying Gal(β1,3)GalNAc epitope.

Biol. 48:443 (1970), by the search for similarity method of Pearson & Lipman, Proc. Cell. If you have any sort of concerns pertaining to where and the best ways to utilize Supplier of sialic acid powder for drink Ingredients, you could contact us at the web page. Biol. 4:1440-1448) ADH2 (Russell et al. "Conservatively modified variations" of a particular polynucleotide sequence refers to those polynucleotides that encode identical or essentially identical amino acid sequences, or where the polynucleotide does not encode an amino acid sequence, to essentially identical sequences. "conservative amino acid substitutions," in one or a few amino acids in an amino acid sequence are substituted with different amino acids with highly similar properties are also readily identified as being highly similar to a particular amino acid sequence, or to a particular nucleic acid sequence which encodes an amino acid. Such results allow for the first time to produce sialic acid at low commercial cost. In spite of these successive improvements the manufacturing cost of Neu5Ac is still relatively high and we have investigated the possibility of reducing this cost by producing Neu5Ac by bacterial fermentation. N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc or NeuGc), in which the N-acetyl group of Neu5Ac is hydroxylated.

"Commercial scale" refers to gram scale production of a sialic acid in a single reaction. In preferred embodiments, commercial scale refers to production of greater than about 50, 75, 80, 90 or 100, 125, 150, 175, or 200 grams. An expression cassette can be constructed for production of more than one protein. Transcription termination signals, enhancers, and other nucleic acid sequences that influence gene expression, can also be included in an expression cassette. For cells, saccharides, nucleic acids, and polypeptides of the invention, the term "isolated" refers to material that is substantially or essentially free from components which normally accompany the material as found in its native state. Plasmids containing one or more of the above listed components employs standard ligation techniques as described in the references cited above. Should you beloved this information in addition to you would like to obtain more details relating to Supplier of sialic acid powder as Raw Material for pharmaceuticals generously go to the website. At last, such genetically engineered micro-organisms are not only viable but they are able to grow in standard conditions. Other transformation methods are also suitable.

Specificity of carbohydrate binding by AAV1 capsids on a glycan array. Interestingly, an older version of the array, containing glycans immobilized as biotinylated glycosides on a 384-well streptavidin-coated plate, was used to screen the sugar binding specificity of the parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVM) capsids (M. This array, containing sialylated and nonsialylated sugars with different linkages and modifications, was constructed for identifying specific carbohydrate binding partners for proteins. In addition, through the CFG, we were able to test AAV1 on a unique glycan array and demonstrate specific binding to glycans containing terminal sialic acids attached α2,3 and α2,6 to the Galβ1-4GlcNAc motif (Fig. (Fig.10),10), with the sugars being N-linked in the glycoproteins recognized. To support this hypothesis, it has been reported that neuraminidase from Vibrio cholerae, which has a broad spectrum, prefers the cleavage of α2,3 sialic acid to α2,6 sialic acid (19; Sigma product information). Consistent with previous report, resialylation with α2,3(O)-sialyltransferase markedly increased AAV4 transduction, while no effect was seen by resialylation with α2,3(N)- or α2,6(N)-sialyltransferase (Fig. (Fig.8B).8B).

Not only wholesale sialic acid we produced have certificated the international industry customary, but we may meet your customization wants. The demise toll exceeded that produced by World War I (WW I), which was ongoing at the moment. Influenza Vaccines: At current, immunization, reasonably than chemoprophylaxis, is the strategy of choice for stopping each influenza A and B. Even so, immunization poses a particular downside: every time a new pressure of influenza A seems, the rapid production of giant quantities of vaccine virus with required antigen traits, together with the necessity for routine checks of security and efficacy, limits the quantity of vaccine accessible. Do you want a big batch of worth sialic acid for an upcoming venture? Do you want a large batch of acid sialic for an upcoming venture? In case you want sialic acid powder, shopping for these precious commodities isn't advanced. Wholesale sialic acid,Sialic acid is a generic term for a household of derivatives of neuraminic acid, an acidic sugar with a nine-carbon spine. MEETSUPPLEMENT is a brand of Xi’an Herb Bio-Tech Co.,Ltd, we're an expert provider of Sialic Acid, wholesale N-Acetylneuraminic acid, bulk provide N-Acetylneuraminic acid.

Neuraminidases and other reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. To determine whether sialic acids play a role in endothelial barrier function, cells were treated with neuraminidases to hydrolyze sialic acid moieties. Two components of glycocalyx structure that may play a role in determining function in glycoproteins are 1) the terminal sugar residue(s) on the oligosaccharide chain(s) and 2) the amino acid residue attachment site (N- vs. When we measured transendothelial resistance, differential responses of pulmonary artery and microvascular endothelial cells to neuraminidase from Clostridium perfringens suggest that the molecular architecture of the sialic acid glycomes differs between these two cell types. Sialic acids contribute significantly to the overall negative charge of glycoconjugates and cell surfaces (32). This negative charge contributes to the formation of a protective electrostatic shield, which has been shown to be important for antiadhesive repulsion between circulating cells and vessel walls (13, 27), as well as protection of parts of a tethered glycoprotein from proteolytic attack (33). Indeed, Görög and colleagues (8) determined that surface sialic acids provide protection of an intact endothelium against proteolysis. First, within 2 h of either neuraminidase treatment, the α(2,6)-linked sialic acids in PAECs were hydrolyzed as evidenced by loss of FITC-tagged SNA fluorescence (Fig. 5A). Second, we observed overall disruption of the PAEC monolayer following treatment with either neuraminidase although there were characteristic differences in what the resultant disrupted monolayer looked like.

Neu5Ac used to be purified from animal sources such as edible bird's nest (Martin et al., 1977) or egg yolk (Koketsu et al., 1992). However the low sialic acid content of these materials resulted in a low overall production yield and precluded the development of an economically practical industrial process. Glycosidically bound, but not free, dietary sialic acids are used for the biosynthesis of new glycoconjugates in humans, making the quantitation of these two forms in infant food sources important, as in neonates the demand for sialic acid may exceed the de novo biosynthetic supply. Alternatively, selectable markers may encode proteins that complement auxotrophic deficiencies or supply critical nutrients not available from complex media, e.g., the gene encoding D-alanine racemase for Bacilli. We also acknowledge Brittney Whitaker-Gurda for technical support, Colin Parrish for providing AAV1 anticapsid antibodies, and Sergei Zolotukhin for providing the baculovirus construct expressing the VP proteins of AAV1. If you beloved this article and you would like to receive a lot more info relating to manufacturer of sialic acid powder for food Ingredients kindly stop by our own web-page. Creative Enzymes, a worldwide leading company in diagnostic enzymes manufacturing and supply, is committed to providing customers with diverse enzyme products and custom enzyme-related services for medical and research diagnosis.

Previous work using spectrophotometric assays reported that E. coli YjhC showed a weak interaction with Neu5Ac, with an apparent Km of 68.8 mm (20). Here, we used ESI-MS to assess the activity of YjhC against 2,7-anhydro-Neu5Ac or Neu5Ac. The glycan array binding data provide independent support of AAV1 interaction with α2,3 and α2,6 trisaccharides. Our genetic data suggest that YjhB could transport 2,7-anhydro-Neu5Ac but not Neu5Ac, where the previously characterized Neu5Ac transporter NanT was not able to transport 2,7-anhydro-Neu5Ac. Based on its sequence, NanX (YjhB) is classified in the MFS class of sugar transporters and is a close homologue of NanT. For example, whereas R. gnavus possesses the full complement of genes to produce and utilize 2,7-anhydro-Neu5Ac, including the IT-sialidase (RgNanH), the 2,7-anhydro-Neu5Ac SAT2 transporter, and the oxidoreductase (RgNanOx) within the otherwise canonical Nan cluster, E. coli harbors a transporter with specificity for 2,7-anhydro-Neu5Ac (NanX) and the a NanOx homolog (NanY) but does not express an IT-sialidase.

The data from these assays were complemented by a glycan array analysis which determined that AAV1 efficiently binds to NeuAcα2-3GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc as well as glycoproteins containing NeuAcα2-3/α2-6Galβ1-4GlcNAc N-linked glycans. Sialic acids are typically found as terminal monosaccharides of glycans carried by cell surface glycoproteins. Mucin competition was carried out by pretreating rAAV with bovine submandibular gland mucin (Sigma) for 30 min at 20°C. AAV vectors, in the presence or absence of mucin, were added to Cos-7 cells in equal volumes of DMEM for 1 h at 37°C. Cells were rinsed twice with DMEM and incubated at 37°C. Two thousand particles/cell were pretreated with mucin (concentrations up to 0.5 mg/ml), and cells were assayed for luciferase expression 24 h posttransduction. Further analysis using lectin staining and lectin competition assays identified that AAV1 and AAV6 use either α2,3-linked or α2,6-linked sialic acid when transducing numerous cell types (HepG2, Pro-5, and Cos-7). Cos-7 cells were treated with the indicated doses of N-benzyl GalNAc (A) or tunicamycin (B) for 24 h prior to transduction.

Which application/end-user or product type may seek incremental growth prospects? AAV6 binding appears to be less affected by neuraminidase compared with AAV1 binding, suggesting that AAV6 may also bind to moieties other than sialic acid on the cell surface. These data suggest that sialic acid present on the cell surface is required for efficient AAV1 and AAV6 transduction. Taken together, these results show that both enzymatic removal and genetic removal of sialic acid on the cell surface reduce AAV1 and AAV6 binding and transduction. WGA, which binds to all linkage forms of sialic acid, blocked both AAV1 and AAV6 transduction on all the cells tested. We stained cell lines with lectins that have been used to recognize the following three different epitopes: (i) WGA recognizes all sialic acids, (ii) MAA recognizes α2,3 sialic acid, and (iii) SNA recognizes α2,6 sialic acid. Hydrolyzed bovine whey protein-based formulas were found to contain the highest amount of the most abundant human sialic acid, 5- N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). Aliquots were treated with 200 μg/ml proteinase K or mock treated for 1 h at 37°C. An equal volume of PBS containing 6% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and 2× concentrated protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma) was added to inactivate proteinase K. After a 10-min incubation at room temperature, the cells were washed twice with medium and seeded at 5 × 104 cells/well in a 48-well plate.

The reaction was followed by acquiring 1D NMR experiments at 15-min intervals over 24 h. All 1D NMR experiments were performed using a Bruker Advance I 500-MHz spectrometer with a 5-mm PATXI 1H/D-13C/15N Z-GRD probe at 293 K. To follow the kinetics of the reaction and assess the position of deuteration, two samples containing 2 mm 2,7-anhydro-Neu5Ac, 100 μm NADH, and 60 μm RgNanOx were used, one in deuterated PBS buffer (PBS/D2O) and one in standard PBS buffer (PBS/H2O, containing 10% D2O for locking purposes). Fractions were pooled and concentrated using a 10,000 molecular weight cut-off Vivaspin column (Vivaspin, Germany). The clarified lysate was run through an immobilized metal affinity chromatography column to elute the C-terminal His6-tagged proteins, which eluted in sharp peaks with a single 500 mm imidazole step. Individual substitutions, deletions or additions which alter, add or delete a single amino acid or a small percentage of amino acids (typically less than 5%, more typically less than 1%) in an encoded sequence are "conservatively modified variations" where the alterations result in the substitution of an amino acid with a chemically similar amino acid.

This report investigates the effect of the pandemic on the Sialic Acid market from a Global and Regional point of view. The Sialic Acid Market report contains general successful parameters, confinements, and besides has in detail illumination of the noteworthy data close by the present and future examples that may concern the advancement. A previous report has shown that mucin specifically blocks AAV4 transduction (45), which uses O-linked sialic acid as its receptor, but does not block AAV5 transduction. In addition, we determined by inhibitor (N-benzyl GalNAc)- and cell line-specific (Lec-1) studies that AAV1 and AAV6 require N-linked and not O-linked sialic acid. Sialic acid is required for efficient AAV1 and -6 binding and transduction. AAV6 binding appears to be less affected by neuraminidase compared with AAV1 binding, suggesting that AAV6 may also bind to moieties other than sialic acid on the cell surface. Previously, we demonstrated that differentiation of human dendritic cells (DCs) is accompanied by an increased expression of sialylated cell surface structures, putatively through the activity of the ST3Gal.I and ST6Gal.I sialyltransferases. Evidence from different groups suggests that the state of sialylation of DCs may influence their response.17,18 We have previously studied the surface sialylation of human moDCs and we observed a significantly increased expression of sialylated structures during the differentiation of monocytes into moDCs, most probably as the result of the activity of ST3Gal.I and ST6Gal.I sialyltransferases.19 In addition, we have also observed that the removal of the sialylated structures by neuraminidase treatment diminished the moDC capacity for endocytosis,19 suggesting a triggering of DC maturation.

The first step of AAV infection often requires the attachment of the capsid to carbohydrate moieties on the cell surface. Of the 11 well-characterized AAV serotypes, heparan sulfate proteoglycan and sialic acid have been suggested to be the attachment receptors for AAV type 2 and types 4 and 5, respectively. In this report, we identify the receptor for the two closely related serotypes, AAV1 and AAV6. First, we demonstrate using coinfection experiments and luciferase reporter analysis that AAV1 and AAV6 compete for similar receptors. Mucin competition was carried out by pretreating rAAV with bovine submandibular gland mucin (Sigma) for 30 min at 20°C. AAV vectors, in the presence or absence of mucin, were added to Cos-7 cells in equal volumes of DMEM for 1 h at 37°C. Cells were rinsed twice with DMEM and incubated at 37°C. Two thousand particles/cell were pretreated with mucin (concentrations up to 0.5 mg/ml), and cells were assayed for luciferase expression 24 h posttransduction. After incubation for 1 h at 37°C, cells were transduced at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 2 × 103 for 1 h with virus, and luciferase expression was analyzed 24 h after transduction. Unlike heparin sulfate, enzymatic or genetic removal of sialic acid markedly reduced AAV1 and AAV6 binding and transduction.