Biol. 48:443 (1970), by the search for similarity method of Pearson & Lipman, Proc. Cell. Biol. 4:1440-1448) ADH2 (Russell et al. "Conservatively modified variations" of a particular polynucleotide sequence refers to those polynucleotides that encode identical or essentially identical amino acid sequences, or where the polynucleotide does not encode an amino acid sequence, to essentially identical sequences. "conservative amino acid substitutions," in one or a few amino acids in an amino acid sequence are substituted with different amino acids with highly similar properties are also readily identified as being highly similar to a particular amino acid sequence, or to a particular nucleic acid sequence which encodes an amino acid. Such results allow for the first time to produce sialic acid at low commercial cost. In spite of these successive improvements the manufacturing cost of Neu5Ac is still relatively high and we have investigated the possibility of reducing this cost by producing Neu5Ac by bacterial fermentation. N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc or NeuGc), in which the N-acetyl group of Neu5Ac is hydroxylated.

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